able to give full particulars of the "find," which was a most interesting one in its way. The discovery was made a few months ago by some labourers in the process of quarrying, from whose hands the vessels received rough usage; but thanks to the antiquarian zeal of a neighbouring farmer, Mr. Joseph Heathcote, they were speedily rescued, and they now remain in his possession.

The cup was within the urn, and, so far as can be learned, it was empty, and rested upon the deposit of burnt bones, the whole being buried immediately below the surface and

surface is smooth and of a dull red-yellow colour. It was more than half full of burnt bones, but contained no other object of interest beyond the "incense cup." This cup (see Fig. 2), or more correctly, vase, is of similar clay, but finer; and it is more carefully made and shaped, indeed, it is difficult to realize that it was not fashioned on the wheel. It is 2 inches high and 2 inches in diameter at the mouth. The sides, both externally and internally, are vertical from the middle upwards, while below, the vessel is bevelled off to a small flat bottom. The vertical portion is ornamented with incised. lines disposed as a band of zigzags, five lines abreast and confined between two double rules of lines, the intervening triangular spaces being perforated. These vases are usually perforated with two or more small holes, but

FIG. 1.

protected only with a cover-stone-a piece of the thin flag-stones that abound on the moor. No mound marked the spot, nor did there seem to be any traces of one. The urn (see Fig. 1) is a typical Bronze-age one, and more straight-sided, or flowerpot-shaped than is usual in this part of the country, although Bateman (Ten Years' Diggings) had precisely the same to say of several urns he found on this moor in 1852. It is 14 inches high and 10 inches across the mouth; the clay is even in texture and well moulded (hand-made, of course), and the

FIG. 2.

this is the only example, so far as I am aware, of a Derbyshire "incense cup" in which the perforations form part of the decora tive scheme. I may add that I have never before seen a piece of prehistoric pottery so perfectly shaped and executed, and it would certainly tax the skill of anyone to copy it by hand.

The number of prehistoric burial - places (chiefly barrows) that have been opened ana recorded within the last century, in the Peak of Derbyshire and the adjacent parts of Staffordshire, is nearly 400, and these comprise some 600 or more distinct interments. These interments extend in time from the period of Neolithic civilization to the dawn of Anglo-Saxon Christianity. It must not, however, be supposed that the interments of different ages are evenly intermixed in

this region, or of necessity intermixed at all. Stanton Moor is an example to the point: numerous prehistoric interments have been brought to light in the vicinity, but in every case, so far as recorded, the interment has been after cremation, and usually the burnt bones have been inurned. Much the same may be said of Eyam, Abney, and Offerton moors a few miles further north, and beyond, to the borders of Yorkshire, except that the urned burials are proportionately fewer. Fully one-third of the abovementioned 600 interments were after cremation, and of these, not less than seventy were inurned, the majority being located in the above districts. Among these inurned in terments were distributed eleven "incense cups," of which no less than five (including the recently discovered one) were found on Stanton Moor, and two in the immediate vicinity.

Another peculiarity is worth noticing: I do not know whether it has been observed elsewhere. In both the Stanton and the Eyam districts the burials after cremation are associated with small barrows, and it is very doubtful whether a mound was always thrown up over the grave. Our present case is an example to the point, and several other urns previously found on this moor were without mounds. On the other hand, small circles of earth and standing stones are, or rather were, extremely common in these districts. Many still remain, as the wellknown "Nine Ladies" on Stanton Moor, and a larger circle on Eyam Moor, but more have been destroyed in recent times; half a century ago no less than thirteen could be seen on the latter moor, and six on the former. A further peculiarity has been observed with regard to Stanton Moor. On several occasions three urns have been found triangularly grouped together.

Since writing the above, Mr. Heathcote has informed me that another urn and "incense cup"-the "old man's snuff-box," as the quarrymen described it-have been found close by the spot where the above were discovered. Unfortunately these were completely broken up by these men as soon as it was found; but Mr. Heathcote has promised to visit the place at once and collect the fragments. The cup was within the urn, as before.

The King's Confessors.

By REV. C. F. R. PALMER.

N the year 1221 Henry III. went, with his royal court, to Oxford, to celebrate the festivity of Christmas, and there, for the first time, he met with the Friar-Preachers of St. Dominic, who had come hither, in the preceding August, to establish their Order in England, and to teach and preach throughout the land. He was at once captivated with their learning, evangelical piety and zeal, encouraged them to go on, and promised them aid in all that was fit and proper. It was at his appointment that they settled in the Jewry at Oxford, and began their labours by trying to induce the Jews to embrace Christianity. Ever afterwards he redeemed his word by showing them great favour in founding, and assisting to establish, many convents in various parts of the kingdom, and attaching some as preachers and chaplains to the royal household. It was F. Robert Bacon who, in 1233, prevailed on the king to dismiss those unworthy and pernicious Poitevins and foreigners, who had been placed in all the great posts of state; and in the following year, while the court was at Winchester, another friar preached before the king and great barons of the realm in favour of the crusade, and thereupon Richard the king's brother, Gilbert the earlmarshal, and many other nobles took the Cross. At court the friars were treated as were the rest of the domestic attendants. They were provided with everything out of the royal purse, as occasions required, in clothing, washing, and mending, in bed and bedding, and even in trifling articles of necessity or convenience. The only difference appears to have been that they had their own cook, probably on account of their rigid abstinence from flesh meat, and took their humble meals apart from the rich viands and prolonged revelry which marked the royal table, confining themselves to an apartment which was at once refectory and dormitory, with a small oratory attached. The friars, too, had their own palfreys and stable garçons. At the solicitation of the king Pope Innocent IV. gave permission, April 30, 1250, to

the Friar Preachers and Minors, whom the king was taking with him over sea, to ride on horseback as often as necessary, notwithstanding the statute of their Orders to the contrary. In 1256 Henry III. chose a FriarPreacher for his own familiar confessor, and for 144 years the royal conscience was at least ostensibly under the guidance of a Dominican friar, till the throne was wrested from the Plantagenet race and House of Anjou, and transferred to the House of Lancaster. Even after that political revolution religious of the same Order were called to the onerous charge.

F. JOHN DE DERLINGTON.

F. John de Derlington studied in his own country, and at the celebrated convent of St. Jacques at Paris, where he graduated as D.D. in the University. He soon earned a good reputation as a biblical scholar and theologian, being one of the three English Dominicans who first compiled the Concordantiæ Magna Bibliorum Sacrorum as it now stands, wrote Disceptationes Scholastica, and left for posterity Sermones addressed to clergy and people. He was the Prior of Holborn before 1255, and still in office in 1262. When the popular mind was stirred up to rage in 1255, in consequence of the crucifixion of the young Hugh of Lincoln by a few fanatic Jews, he pleaded the cause of the guiltless Israelites, and thereby drew down upon himself and his community so much anger that the people withdrew their wonted alms, and for three days the friars had not even bread to eat; but even now such was his influence at court that he obtained, January 10, 1255-56, a pardon and liberation from the Tower of London for one John, a Jew, who had been implicated in the murder, but became a

convert.

Shortly after, Henry III. appointed him to be his confessor, for, as Matthew Paris says, he stood in need of grave counsel and spiritual comfort. As Derlington excelled in literature, so, too, he was well gifted in counsel for affairs of state. The king purchased for him and companion, May 1, 1256, three palfreys, with saddles, besides cloth and other necessaries previously ordered to the amount of £4 35. 3d.; and gave him, on the 26th, fifteen marks to buy a certain writing. But

some time after 1261 he appears to have withdrawn to his convent and priorial duties, for the king wrote, September 11, 1265, to F. Robert de Kilwardby, provincial, requesting him to enjoin F. John de Derlington, who had been serviceable in former affairs, again to render his advice and assistance. The behest of the sovereign was promptly obeyed. Derlington obtained, November 20 of the same year, the royal licence for the erection of a convent of his Order at Bamborough, and November 26 the king's grant of a messuage for his brethren at Ipswich. In 1266 he solicited a pardon, which was granted, September 11, for Gerard Troffin and Peter de Faucumberg, who had been arraigned for a manslaughter; and in 1268 the bailiffs of London purchased something for him by royal precept, and the barons of the exchequer were enjoined, July 22, to allow to them the ten marks which they had thus expended.

On the accession of Edward I. to the throne in 1272, F. John de Derlington was still continued in the office of king's confessor. In the same year he was one of the witnesses in St. Stephen's Chapel, Westminster, December 12, to the protest made on the part of the crown, in defence of ecclesiastical rights and privileges, on the election of Kilwardby to the archbishopric of Canterbury. was commissioned along with the archbishop and the provincial of the Order by Pope Gregory X., December 21, 1274, to organize the Monastery of Sandleforth, of the Order of Font Evraud, founded by Matilda de Clare, Countess of Gloucester and Hereford, by whose request the appointment was made.

He

In 1274 the Ecumenical Council of Lyons decreed that the tenths of all ecclesiastical benefices and foundations (except orphanages and hospitals) should be dedicated for six years to the recovery of the Holy Land from the Saracens. In 1276 Derlington was made collector-apostolic of the tenths for England by Innocent V., and continued in the pontificates of Adrian V., John XXI., Nicholas III., and Martin IV. Edward I. thought of making a second expedition to Jerusalem, to re-establish the affairs of the Christians in Palestine; and in 1278 sent Derlington, as head of an embassy, to Nicholas III. to ar

The

As

range matters concerning this crusade. pope consented, August 1, to grant certain tenths conditionally to the king, and February 13 following, regulated the collection which was deputed to Derlington and Raymund de Nogeriis, a papal chaplain. In the following year this pope, finding it agreeable to the King of England, promoted the royal confessor to the archbishopric of Dublin, which had been vacant for eight years. archbishop-elect Darlington took the oath of fealty to the king, April 27; had restitution of the temporalities next day; and received consecration, August 27, at Waltham, from the Archbishop of Canterbury, assisted by the Bishops of Winchester, Bath and Wells, and Exeter. As he had received letters of safe-conduct, April 23, 1279, enduring for two years, for going abroad, it is probable that he now paid his visit to the Threshold of the Apostles; but in April, 1281, again in England, he was aiding in the foundation of the new convent of his Order in London, near Ludgate. He still collected the tenths for the crusade, and was about to journey, it is said, towards Ireland, to take up the government of his see, when he was suddenly cut off by death, March 28, 1284, in London, and was buried in the choir of the FriarPreachers' church there.

F. WALTER DE WINTERBOURNE. This friar is said to have been born in the diocese of Salisbury, and certainly there are fourteen small parishes in the counties of Wilts and Dorset, from one of which he might have taken his surname. Entering the Order of Friar-Preachers, he graduated as D.D., became noted as a poet, philosopher, and theologian, and wrote Commentarii in IV. Sententiarum Libros, by some called a Summa Theologica; an Opusculum de Peccato Originali, probably a part of the first work; Quæstiones Theologica, or Quodlibeta; and Sermones delivered to the clergy, before the king, and to the people. His fair fame reached Edward I., who made him his confessor and counsellor. He became established in the royal court in the year 1282, and August 5 received the sum of 13s. 4d. for going, with his companion Friar Preachers, to Pauntacoys, and was soon established in his charge. Whilst he was with the king in Guienne, in 1289, he and

his companion, F. Robert de Chelmsford, were for four days out of the court, attending apud Nugeren' on Alban, the king's page, who lay sick, for which, and for new boots to both of them, 10s. 4d. was paid within the week of March 25, as was 8s. 8d., June 14, for cutting out their summer garments, and for some small necessities. With the king he had returned to England, March 14, and being at Melford, August 21, he received royal alms for his brethren at Chelmsford and Sudbury, and October 29 60s. to buy a missal. In November he and his companion tarried in London for four days after the king had left, and had 6s. 8d. for their personal expenses during the time, paid through their garçon John de Ledes, and 6d. for winter-shoes and other necessaries. For the works of the new church of the Order at Ludgate, London, he received the king's munificence in 1289, 1290, and 1291. To him was given, April 27, 1295, a cloth of gold to replace one laid over the body of Henry de Bernham, by the Friar-Preachers of Chester, out of their own store. Being at Harwich, the king left him there for twelve days with F. Robert, confessor of Prince Edward and their companions, whilst he abode at the manor of William Fraunk outside Harwich, and at Walton and Belasise; and when they came together at Castle Acre, January 28, 1296-7, the king paid Winterbourne, through his companion, now F. John de Wrotham, the 28s. 7d. for diet in bread, beer, fish, and eggs, which would have been provided in the court. For going on the king's affairs to the Countess of Gloucester in Wales, in 1297, setting out February 8, and returning April 13, he was paid, July 13, £8 2s. 5d. through Wrotham for the expenses; in the same year he received, June 21, the state-pensions granted to the Friar-Preachers of Oxford and Cambridge; and at Winchelsea, between August 12 and 20, he carried the alms of IIS. 5d. from the king to F. Walter de Glemmesford, to pay for various medicines provided in his infirmities. In 1299 he was with the king in the expedition into Scotland, receiving in advance, November 30, through Thomas his cook, 30s. for the journey from York to the court; December 15 carried some royal alms to the Friar-Preachers of Newcastleon-Tyne; and on the 18th and 27th to the

Friar-Minors of Berwick-on-Tweed and Friar Preachers there. His expenses (paid March 28, 1300) for his abode at York, joining the king at Berwick-on-Tweed, and staying in London, for thirty days altogether, in November, December, January, and February, whilst the king was at Windsor, came to 72s. 31d. in bread, wine, beer, fish, for himself and company; and hay, oats, farriery, litter, for his horses, and other requirements. His black horse was sold, March 27, 1300, for six marks, and a dapple horse was bought instead for £6 13s. 4d.; and some little time after, the horses belonging to him and his companion were re-shod, when twentyfour horse-shoes and 100 nails were supplied. As to the personal expenses of the confessor and his companion (Wrotham), he had, for small necessities, 4s. May 11, at Bury St. Edmunds; on the 21st, 3s. 5d. at Spalding; May 28, 14s. 4d.; June 1, 13s. 4d. through Thomas his cook; and July 2 or 3, 6s. 8d. for sewing cloth, and for washing, to that date. In 1301 he was at Nettleham with the king, January 24, 30; and Thomas his garçon received, on the 24th, some royal alms for the Friar-Preachers of Stamford, and on the 27th some for those of Lincoln; March 12 he was at Northampton; and May 14, 16s. was laid out in providing two saddles for him and his companion. The following year saw him, in the royal company, July 18, at Westminster, and October 5, at Canterbury; and in December he had a writ to the clerk of the wardrobe to provide him and his companion with their usual winter clothing, and housings for their horses, and clothing for his clerk of the chamber and his cook. In 1303, when the king departed for Scotland, the confessor was allowed to tarry behind at London for nine weeks, and received for his expenses, till he rejoined the court in the north, 40s. through Wrotham, 35. January 21 at Guildford, 100s. January 27 at London, and 100s. March 24 at Westminster. He and his companion were at Kingston, January 27, and stayed in London for sixty-three days from January 23 to March 25. Then they set out for Scotland with a biga to help them with their chattels and provender, and journeyed about twenty miles a day. They were at Ware, March 26; Baldock, March 27; Bedford, March 28;

Thrapston, March 29; Stamford, March 30 to April ; Crokeston, April 2; Wytheton, April 15; Barton, April 16; then passed over the Humber to Beverley, where they stayed from April 17 to 19; and so to Donmere, and to the court. The outlay for their maintenance, from January 27 to April 19, well illustrates the friars' frugal fare. There are no items from April 3 to 14, and those days were probably spent at some hospitable mansion; but without going into daily details, the following sums were spent: bread, 16s. 11d.; fish £3 11s. 6d.; beer, and in London only wine, 6s. 8d.; fuel, is. 6d. ; candles, 1s. 5d. ; litter, 2s. 2d.; hay, 2s. 6d. ; oats, 5s. 10d.; farriery, Is. 1d.; hire of a horse at Thrapston, 8d.; saddle-mending, 3d.; passage of the Humber 3d.; at Beverley many little expenses, viz., 11s. 8d. for preparing woollen cloth and linen and socks; 18s. 11d. for a tent made for the horses, and cord and string, 2s. 1d.; for two barrels, 35.; for axes and sickles, etc., 3s. 2d. ; for horse girths and halters, 3s.; for a leather bag, 8d., laid out "in grose 3s. 3d. for a platter and brass cruet. In Scotland 3s. 9d. for ironwork, etc., to the vehicle; 18d. for a cap; and 4s. for bread and beer closes the account. The whole journey cost £8 7s. 3d., but is put down at £8 10s., 25. 9d. being unaccounted for, so that there still remained 735. of what had been advanced. He sent into England, with letters of state, his garçon, who, January 1, 1303-4, had 12d. given him in aid of his expenses; and at Dunfermline, January 29, he had 73s. advanced to meet some outlays for himself and his companion.

In a consistory held December 18, 1303, Benedict XI. raised F. William de Macclesfield, of the convent of Chester, to the dignity of cardinal - priest of Santa Sabina. But this eminent and learned Friar-Preacher had died, about the previous August, at Canterbury, in returning from the general chapter of his Order assembled, in May, at Besançon, wherein he appears to have acted both as a definitor for England and as the ambassador of Edward I. Immediately the pope heard that the honour thus conferred had been frustrated, he granted the request of Edward I., by promoting F. Walter de Winterbourne, February 21, 1303-4, to the