1

469.)

SACRO'RUM DETESTATIO. (Vid. GENS, p. | other Homeric epithet, viz., "three-tongued" (TPL, Aúxiv), is illustrated by the forms of the arrow. heads, all of bronze, which are represented in the annexed woodcut. That which lies horizontally

SECULARES LUDI. (Vid. LUDI SECULARES.) SÆ'CULUM. A sæculum was of a twofold nature, that is, either civil or natural. The civil sæculum, according to the calculation of the Etruscans, which was adopted by the Romans, was a space of time containing 110 lunar years. The natural sæculum, upon the calculation of which the former was founded, expressed the longest term of human life, and its duration or length was ascertained, according to the ritual books of the Etruscans, in the following manner: the life of a person, which lasted the longest of all those who were born on the day of the foundation of a town, constituted the first sæculum of that town; and the longest liver of all who were born at the time when the second sæculum began, again determined the duration of the second sæculum, and so on.1 In the same manner that the Etruscans thus called the longest life of a man a sæculum, so they called the longest existence of a state, or the space of 1100 years, a sæcu- was found at Persepolis, and is drawn of the size lar day; the longest existence of one human race, of the original. The two smallest, one of which or the space of 8800 years, a secular week, &c. It shows a rivet-hole at the side for fastening it to the was believed that the return of a new sæculum was shaft, are from the plain of Marathon.' The fourth marked by various wonders and signs, which were specimen was also found in Attica.3 recorded in the history of the Etruscans. The reThe use of barbed (adunca, hamata) and poisoned turn of each sæculum at Rome was announced by arrows (venenata sagittæ) is always represented by the pontiffs, who also made the necessary interca- the Greek and Roman authors as the characterlations in such a manner, that at the commence- istic of barbarous nations. It is attributed to the ment of a new sæculum, the beginning of the ten Sauromate and Getæ, to the Serviis and Scythimonths' year, of the twelve months' year, and of ans, and to the Arabs' and Moors. When Ulysthe solar year coincided. But in these arrange-ses wishes to have recourse to this insidious pracments the greatest arbitrariness and irregularity ap- tice, he is obliged to travel north to the country of pear to have prevailed at Rome, as may be seen the Thresprotians; and the classical authors who from the unequal intervals at which the ludi sæcu- mention it do so in terms of condemnation.10 Some lares were celebrated. (Vid. LUDI SECULARES.) of the northern nations, who could not obtain iron, This also accounts for the various ways in which barbed their arrow-heads with bone." The poi a sæculum was defined by the ancients: some be- son applied to tips of the arrows having been calllieved that it contained thirty, and others that it ed toxicum (Tošiкóv), on account of its connexion contained a hundred years; the latter opinion ap- with the use of the bow, the signification of this pears to have been the most common in later times, term was afterward extended to poisons in gen so that sæculum answered to our century." eral. 13

*SAGAPE'NUM (σауапηνóν). "All the ancient authorities describe this as the juice of a ferula; hence Sprengel supposes it the Ferula Persica, Willd. Dioscorides describes it as being μerağù bпov, σ2giov kaì xaλbúvns, and in like manner it is said of it in the Edinburgh Dispensatory, that Sagapenum holds a kind of middle place between asafoetida and galbanum.'

row.

SAGITTA (óïotós, ¿ós; Herod. rósɛvua), an ArThe account of the arrows of Hercules' enumerates and describes three parts, viz., the head or point, the shaft, and the feather.

8

12

14

II. The excellence of the shaft consisted in be ing long, and at the same time straight, and, if it was of light wood, in being well polished. But it often consisted of a smooth cane or reed (Arundo donax or phragmites, Linn.), and on this account the whole arrow was called either arundo in the one case,13 or calamus in the other." In the Egyptian tombs reed-arrows have been found, varying from 34 to 22 inches in length. They show the slit (y2vpíç17) cut in the reed for fixing it upon the string.'

19

III. The feathers are shown on ancient monuments of all kinds, and are indicated by the terms ale,19 pennata sagittæ,20 and πTEρÓεVτεs biσTol.a1 The arrows of Hercules are said to have been feathered from the wings of a black eagle."

I. The head was denominated updis," whence the instrument used to extract arrow-heads from the odies of the wounded was called άpsioonpa. (Vid. FORCEPS.) Great quantities of flint arrow-heads are found in Celtic barrows throughout the north of Besides the use of arrows in the ordinary way, Europe, in form exactly resembling those which they were sometimes employed to carry fire. Ocare still used by the Indians of North America. tavianus attempted to set Antony's ships on fire Nevertheless, the Scythians and Massageta had by sending Behn Tuppópa from the bows of his arch them of bronze.10 Mr. Dodwell found flint arrow-ers. 23 A headdress of small arrows is said to have heads on the plain of Marathon, and concludes that they had belonged to the Persian army." Those used by the Greeks were commonly bronze, as is expressed by the epithet xaλkúpns, "fitted with bronze," which Homer applies to an arrow.12 An

Court, i., pl. 44.)-3. (Dodwell, 1. c.)-4. (Ovid, Trist., iii., 10, 1. (I., v., 393.)-2. (Skelton, Illust. of Armour at Goodrich 63, 64.-De Pont., iv., 7, 11, 12.)-5. (Arnoldi, Chron. Slav., 1,

8.)-6. (Plin., H. N., x., 53, s. 115.) — 7. (Pollux, Onom., i., 10.)-8. (Hor., Carm., i., 22, 3.)-9. (Hom., Od., i., 261-263.)10. (Homer, Pliny, ll. cc.-Elian, H. A., v., 16.)-11. (Tac., Gorm., 46.)-12. (Plin., H. N., xvi., 10, s. 20.-Fest., s. v.-Di1. (Censorin., De Die Nat., 17.)-2. (Plut., Sulla, 7.-Nie- oscor., vi., 20.)-13. (Plant., Merc., ii., 4, 4.-Hor., Epod., xvii., buhr, Hist. of Rome, i., p. 137.)-3. (Censorin., 1. c.)-4. (Varro, 61. Propert., i., 5, 6.)-14. (Hes., Scut., 133.)-15. (Virg. De Ling. Lat., v., p. 54, ed. Bip.-Fest., s. v. Sæculares ludi.)-5. Æn., iv., 69-73; v., 525.- Ovid, Met., i., 471; viii., 382.)-16 (Vid. Niebuhr, Hist. of Rome, i., p. 275, &c.)—6. (Dioscor., iii., (Virg., Buc., iii., 12, 13.-Ovid, Met., vii., 778.-Hor., Carm., i. 85.-Galen, De Simpl., viii.-Adams, Append., s. v.)-7. (He- 15, 17.-Juv., xiii., 80.)-17. (Hom., I., iv., 122.-Ovid, xxi siod, Scut., 130-135.)-8. (IIerod., i., 215; iv., 81.)-9. (Hoare's 419.)-18. (Wilkinson, Man. and Cust., &c., i., 309.)-19 (Virg. Auc. Wiltshire, South, 83.)-10. (Herod., 11. cc.)-11. (Tourn., ix., 578; xii,, 319.) 20. (Prudent., Hamart, 498.)-21 through Greece, vol. ii., p. 159.)-12. (II., xiii., 650, 662.) (Hom., I., v., 171.)-22. (IIcs., 1. c.)-23. (Dion Cass., 1, 34.)

SAGMINA were the same as the Verbena, namely, herbs torn up by their roots from within the enclosure of the Capitoline, which were always carried by the fetiales or ambassadors when they went to a foreign people to demand restitution for wrongs committed against the Romans, or to make a treaty. Vid. FETIALES.) They served to mark the sacred character of the ambassadors, and answered the same purpose as the Greek Kηpúкela. Pliny' also says that sagmina were used in remediis publicis, by which we must understand expiations and lustrations. The word Verbena seems to have been applied to any kind of herbs, or to the boughs and leaves of any kind of tree, gathered from a pure or sacred place.

According to Festus, the verbena were called sagmina, that is, pure herbs, because they were taken by the consul or the prætor from a sacred (sancto) place, to give to legati when setting out to make a treaty or declare war. He connects it with the words sanctus and sancire, and it is not at all impossible that it may contain the same root, which appears in a simpler form in sac-er (sag-men, sa(n)cus): Marcian,10 however, makes a ridiculous mistake when he derives sanctus from sagmina.

Müller11 thinks that samentum is the same word as sagmen, although used respecting another thing by the Anagnienses.12

SAGUM was the cloak worn by the Roman soldiers and inferior officers, in contradistinction to the paludamentum of the general and superior of ficers. (Vid. PALUDAMENTUM.) It is used in opposition to the toga or garb of peace, and we accordingly find that, when there was a war in Italy, all citizens put on the sagum, even in the city, with the exception of those of consular rank (saga sumere, ad sagu ire, in sagis esse13): hence, in the Italic war, the sagum was worn for two years.'

14

16

SALAMINIA.

*SALAMANDRA (caλauúvdpa), the Sa.amander, or Lacerta Salamandra, a batracian reptile, of the second family of its order, and constituting the type of a distinct genus. "To have some idea of its figure," says Buffon, "we may suppose the tail of a lizard applied to the body of a frog" For a full and accurate account, however, of this reptile and its peculiar structure, the reader is referred to Griffith's Cuvier. The popular belief that the salamander is proof against the action of fire (a belief to which Aristotle is guilty of giving some countenance) is now entirely exploded. According to Sprengel, the only foundation for this belief is the fact that the reptile emits a cold, viscid secretion from its body, which might be capable of extinguishing a small coal. Dioscorides states decidedly that it is not true that the salamander can live in fire. "The salamander," says Griffith, "takes up its abode in the humid earth, in the tufted woods of high mountains, in ditches and shady places, under stones and the roots of trees, in hedges, by the banks of streams, in subterraneous caverns, and ru ined buildings. Though generally feared, it is by no means dangerous. The milky fluid which exudes from its skin, and which it sometimes shoots to the distance of several inches, though nauseous, acrid, and, according to Gesner, even depilatory, is fatal only to very small animals. This humour, however, was doubtless the cause of a general prescription of the salamander. According to Pliny, by infecting with its poison all the vegetables of a vast extent of territory, this reptile could produce death to entire nations! Other animals seem to have an instinctive horror of it. Its bite, however, is perfectly harmless, though Matthioli has declared it to be equally mortal with that of the viper-an atrocious absurdity."

SALAMI'NIA (2ahauivia). The Athenians, from very early times, kept for public purposes two sacred or state vessels, the one of which was called.Пápaños, and the other Eaλavía; the crow of the one bore the name of Tapahiral or upaho, and that of the other caλauívioi. In the former of these two articles Photius erroneously regards the two names as belonging to one and the same ship. The Salaminia was also called Δηλία or Θεωρίς, because it The sagum was open in the front, and usually was used to convey the Dewpoi to Delos, on which fastened across the shoulders by a clasp, though occasion the ship was adorned with garlands by not always:15 it resembled in form the paludamen- the priest of Apollo. Both these vessels were tum (see woodcuts, p. 721), as we see from the spe-quick-sailing triremes, and were used for a variety cimens of it on the column of Trajan and other an- of state purposes: they conveyed theories, despatchcient monuments. It was thick and made of wool, es, &c., from Athens, carried treasures from subwhence the name is sometimes given to the wool ject countries to Athens, fetched state criminals itself. The cloak worn by the general and supe- from foreign parts to Athens, and the like. In batrior officers is sometimes called sagum (Punicum tles they were frequently used as the ships in sagum!"), but the diminutive sagulum is more com- which the admirals sailed. These vessels and their monly used in such cases.19 crews were always kept in readiness to act, in case of any necessity arising; and the crew, although they could not, for the greater part of the year, be in actual service, received their regular pay of four oboli per day all the year round. This is expressly stated only of the Paralos, but may be safely said of the Salaminia also. The statement of the scholiast on Aristophanes," that the Salaminia was only used to convey criminals to Athens, and the Paralos for theories, is incorrect, at least if applied to 1. (Prudent., 1. c.)-2. (Claud., De Nupt. Honor., 222.-De 3 the earlier times. When Athens had become a Cons. Honor., 21.-De Laud. Stil., i., 254.)-3. (Festus, s. v.)- great maritime power, and when other ships were 4. (Cæs, Bell. Civ., i., 81; iii., 44.-Cic. ad Fam., xv., 4.)-5. employed for purposes for which before either the (Q. Curt., iv., 50.)-6. (Plin., II. N., xxii., 2, s. 3.-Liv., i., 24; Salaminia or the Paralos had been used, it is natuxxx., 43.-Dig. 1, tit. 8, s. 8.)-7. (1. c.)-8. (Serv. ad Virg., Æn., xii., 120)-9. (s. v.)-10. (Dig., 1. c.)-11. (ad Festum, pal to suppose that these two vessels were chiefly 320.)-12. (M Aurel., in Epist. ad Fronton., iv., 4.)-13. (Cic., Phil., viii., 11; v., 12; xiv., 1.)-14. (Liv., Epit., 72, 73.-Vell. 1. (Aristot., H. A., v., 19.-Adams, Append., s. v.-Griffith's Paterc., ii., 16.)-15. (Trebell. Po, Trig. Tyrann., 10.)-16. Cuvier, vol. ix., p. 464.)-2. (Phot., s. v. Ilápaλos and Пápalo (Mart., xiv, 159.)-17. (Varro, L. L., v, 167, ed. Müller.)-18.-3. (Pollux, Onom., viii., 116.-Hesych., s. v. Ilapaλirns.) (Hor., Ep., ix., 28.)-19. (Compare Sil. Ital., iv., 519; xvii., (Plat., Phæd., p. 58, c.)-5. (Thucyd., v., 53, 61.)-6. (Harpocr 528.-Liv., xxx., 17; xxvii., 19.)-20. (Germ., 17.)-21. (Tac., et Phot., 8. v. Пápaλus )-7. (Av., 147 Compare Suidas, &. Hist., ii., 20.)-22. (Col., i., 8-Compare Dig. 34, tit. 2, s. 23, 2.) Eaλapivia vaus.)

The cloak worn by the northern nations of Europe is also called sagum: see woodcut, p. 171, where three Sarmatians are represented with saga, and compare PALLIUM, p. 719. The German sa gum is mentioned by Tacitus :20 that worn by the Gauls seems to have been a species of plaid (versicolor sagulum).

The outer garment worn by slaves and poor persons is also sometimes called sagum.22

employed in matters connected with religion, as ¡ vided in their provinces with everything they wan heories, and in extraordinary cases, such as when a state criminal like Alcibiades was to be solemnly conveyed to Athens. The names of the two ships em to point to a very early period of the history of Attica, when there was no navigation except between Attica and Salamis, for which the Salaminia was used, and around the coast of Attica, for which purpose the Paralos was destined. In later times the names were retained, although the destination of the ships was principally to serve the purposes of religion, whence they are frequently called the sacred ships.'

ed, through the medium of redemptores (πáρoxoi), who undertook, for a certain sum paid by the state, to provide the governors with all that was necessa ry to them. During the Empire we find instances of the salarium being paid to a person who had obtained a province, but was nevertheless not allowed to govern it. In this case the salarium was a coin pensation for the honour and advantages which he might have derived from the actual government of a province, whence we can scarcely infer that the sum of 10,000 sesterces, which was offered on such an occasion,' was the regular salarium for a proconsul.

4

by deducting from their salaries. Alexander Severus instituted fixed salaries for rhetoricians, grammarians, physicians, harůspices, mathematicians, mechanicians, and architects but to how much these salaries amounted we are not informed specting the pay which certain classes of priests received, vid. SACERDOS.

Re

*SAL AMMONI’ACUM (ûλç 'Aμuwviaкós), a Fossil Salt, procured from the district of Africa ad- Salaria were also given under the Empire to other joining the Temple of Jupiter Ammon. It was to- officers, as to military tribunes, to assessores (vid. tally different from the Sal Ammoniac of the mod- ASSESSOR), to senators,3 to the comites of the prinerns, which is Hydrochlorus Ammonia. (Vid. Ax- ceps on his expeditions, and others. Antoninus MONIACUM.) "It has been thought," says Dr. Moore, Pius fixed the salaries of all the rhetoricians and that the ancients knew Sal Ammoniac under the philosophers throughout the Empire; and when name of Nitrum; and, although Beckmann main-persons did not fulfil their duties, he punished them tains the opposite opinion, the grounds on which he rests his argument do not bear him out. He observes that there are two properties with which the ancients might have accidentally become acquainted, and which, in that case, would have been sufficient to make known or define to us this salt (sal ammoniac). In the first place, by an accidental mixture of quicklime, the strong smell or un- SA'LII were priests of Mars Gradivus, and are pleasant vapour diffused by the volatile alkali sep- said to have been instituted by Numa. They were arated from the acid might have been observed.' twelve in number, chosen from the patricians even Now what Beckmann seems willing to admit as a in the latest times, and formed an ecclesiastical corcriterion of sal ammoniac is mentioned by Pliny poration (lecta juventus patricia"). They had the of nitrum, which, he says, 'sprinkled with lime, care of the twelve ancilia (vid. ANCILE), which were gives forth a powerful odour' (calce aspersum red- kept in the Temple of Mars on the Palatine Hill dit odorem vehementiorem). Beckmann appears to whence these priests were sometimes called Sali doubt what, he says, 'several writers have assert- Palatini, to distinguish them from the other sali ed, that sal ammoniac comes also from the East mentioned below. The distinguishing dress of the Indies.' But it certainly is brought thence at this salii was an embroidered tunic bound with a brazer. day, and may have been manufactured there, and belt, the trabea, and the apex, also worn by the flahave found its way to Europe in the time of Pliny mines. (Vid. APEX.) Each had a sword by his side, also; for we find that unchangeable country pro-and in his right hand a spear or staff.1o ducing the same things then as now, indigo, Indian ink, fine steel, sugar, silks, &c. The manufacture of sal ammoniac in Egypt also may, for aught we know, have been more ancient than is thought. We are not justified in concluding that the ancients were ignorant of everything of which we discover no mention in their works. One of the chief reasons for supposing the ancients to have been ignorant of our sal ammoniac and nitre is, that we know of very few uses to which they might have been applied. But, though they may have had little inducement to manufacture them, even had they possessed the art, yet they could hardly have failed to observe them in a native state, since both these salts are found occurring thus in Southern Italy and elsewhere.""

SALA'RIUM, a Salary. The ancients derive the word from sal., i. ., salt; the most necessary thing to support human life being thus mentioned as a representative for all others. Salarium therefore comprised all the provisions with which the Roman officers were supplied, as well as their pay in money. In the time of the Republic the name salarium does not appear to have been used; it was Augustus who, in order to place the governors of provinces and other military officers in a greater state of dependance, gave salaries to them or certain sums of money, to which afterward various supplies in kind were added. Before the time of Augustus, the provincial magistrates had been pro1. (Vid. Böckh, Staatsh, i., p. 258.-Göller ad Thucyd., iii., 33.-Schömann ad Isæum, p. 296.)-2. (Adams, Append. 'Appwviands äds.-Moore's Ancient Mineral., p. 96-98,3. (Plin., II. N., xxxi., 41.)-4. (Suet., Octav., 36.-Tacit., Agris., 42.-Treb. Poll., Claud 14, 15.-Flav. Vopisc., Prob 4.)

v.

The festival of Mars was celebrated by the salit on the 1st of March and for several successive days, on which occasion they were accustomed to go through the city in their official dress, carrying the ancilia in their left hands or suspended from their shoulders, and at the same time singing and dancing," whence Ovid, apparently with correctness, derives their name." The songs or hymns which they sang on this occasion (saliaria carmina1) were called asamenta, assamenta, or axamenta, of which the etymology is uncertain. Göttling1 thinks they were so called because they were sung without any musical accompaniment, assa voce; but this etymology is opposed to the express statement of Dionysius. Some idea of the subject of these songs may be obtained from a passage in Virgil,16 and a small fragment of them is preserved by Varro 17 In later times they were scarcely understood, even by the priests themselves.18 The praises of Mamurius Veturius formed the principal subject of these songs, though who Mamurius Veturius was the ancients themselves were not agreed upon. He is generally said to be the armorer who made eleven ancilia like the one that was sent from heaven (vid. ANCILE20), but some modern writers suppose it to be

1. (Dion Cass., lxviii., 22.)-2. (Plin., H. N., xxiv., 6.-Juv., iii., 132.)-3. (Suet., Nero, 10.)-4. (Suet., Tib., 46.)-5. (Capitol., Ant. Pius, 11.)-6. (Id. ib., 7.)-7. (Lamprid., Alex. Sev., 44.)-8. (Liv., i., 20.-Dionys., ii., 70.-Cic., Rep., ii., 14.)-9. (Lucan, ix., 478.)-10. (Dionys., 1. c.)-11. (Liv., 1. c.-Dionys., 1. c.-Hor., Carm., i., 36, 12; iv., 1, 28.)-12. (Fast., iii., 387.) -13. (Hor., Epist., ii., 1, 86.-Tacit., Ann., ii., 83.)-14. (Gesch. der Róm. Staatsverf., p. 192.)-5. (iii., 32.)-16. (Æn., viii., 286.)-17. (Ling Lat., vii., 26, ed. Müller.)--18. (arro, Ling Lat., vii., 2.-Hor., Epist., ii., 1, 86.-Quint. 6, p. 54, Bip.j 19. (Varro, Ling. Lat., vi., 45.)-20. (Festus s v. Mam Vet Dionys., ii, 71--Ovil, Fast, iii., 384

SALINÆ.

nerely another name of Mars. Besides, however, the praises of Mamurius, the verses which the salii sang appear to have contained a kind of theogony, in which the praises of all the celestial deities were celebrated, with the exception of Venus.' The verses in honour of each god were called by the respective rames of each, as Januli, Junonii, Minervii. Divine honour was paid to scme of the emperors by inserting their names in the songs of the salii. This honour was first bestowed upon Augustus, and afterward upon Germanicus; and when Verus died, his name was inserted in the song of the salii by command of M. Antoninus.5

At the conclusion of the festival, the salii were accustomed to partake of a splendid entertainment in the Temple of Mars, which was proverbial for its excellence. The members of the collegium were elected by co-optation. We read of the dignities of præsul, vates, and magister in the collegium.7

Tullus Hostilius established another collegium of salii in fulfilment of a vow which he made in a war with the Sabines. These salii were also twelve in number, chosen from the patricians, and appear to have been dedicated to the service of Quirinus. They were called the Salii Collini, Agonales or Agonenses. Niebuhr supposes that the oldest and most illustrious college, the Palatine Salii, were chosen originally from the oldest tribe, the Ramnes, and the one instituted by Tullus Hostilius, or the Quirinalian, from the Tities alone: a third college for the Luceres was never established.10

SALTATIO.

in heaps (tumuli) upon the ground to drain.' In Attica, in Britain, and elsewhere, several places. in consequence of the works established in them, obtained the name of 'Aλai or Salina.

Throughout the Roman Empire, the saltworks, having been first established by the early kings of Rome, were commonly public property, and were let by the government to the highest bidder. The publicans who farmed them, and often maintained upon them a great number of servants, were called mancipes salinarum. (Vid. MANCEPS.) Malefactors of both sexes were employed in them, as they were in the mines."

SALI'NUM, dim. SALILLUM, a Saltcellar. Among the poor, a shell served for a saltcellar;" but all who were raised above poverty had one of silver, which descended from father to son," and was accompanied by a silver plate, which was used. together with the saltcellar, in the domestic sacrifices. (Vid. PATERA.) These two articles of silver were alone compatible with the simplicity of Roman manners in the early times of the Republic.' The saltcellar was no doubt placed in the middle of the table, to which it communicated a sacred character, the meal partaking of the nature of a sacrifice." (Vid. Focus, MENSA.) These circumstances, to gether with the religious reverence paid to salt, and the habitual comparison of it to wit and vivacity, explain the metaphor by which the soul of a man is called his salillum."1

10

*SALPE (σúλn), the Stockfish, or Sparus Salpa, in French, la Saupe; in Italian, Sarpa.is

12

*II. A kind of shellfish, called also oτpóμbos. SALTATIO (όρχησις, ὀρχηστές), Dancing. The dancing of the Greeks, as well as of the Romans, had very little in common with the exercise which goes by that name in modern times. It may be divided into two kinds, gymnastic and mimetic; that is, it was intended either to represent bodily activity, or to express by gestures, movements, and attitudes, certain ideas or feelings, and also single events or a series of events, as in the modern ballet. All these movements, however, were accompanied by music; but the terms opуnois and saltatio were used in so much wider a sense than our word dancing, that they were applied to designate gestures even when the body did not move at all' (saltare solis oculis13). ·

SALINA (ἁλαὶ, ἁλοπήγιον), a Saltwork.11 Al- *SALPINX (oúλñɩу§), a bird whose note resem though the ancients were well acquainted with bled the sound of a trumpet (σúλπу§, a trumpet"). rock salt12 (ühes ópukтoí, i. e., fossil salt"13), and al- Hesychius and Photius identify it with the rpoxiños, though they obtained salt likewise from certain in- or golden-crested wren, "the notes of which," says and lakes, and from natural springs or brine pits,15 ,15 Adams, "are certainly piping, but cannot well be nd found no small quantity on certain shores, where compared to the sound of a trumpet !""13 t was congealed by the heat of the sun without human labour (üλeç avтóμaто¿1o), yet they obtained by far the greatest quantity by the management of works constructed on the seashore, where it was naturally adapted for the purpose by being so low and flat as to be easily overflowed by the sea (maritima area salinarum17), or even to be a brackish marsh (huk's) or a marine pool (λuvoúharra18). In order to aid the natural evaporation, shallow rectangular ponds (multifidi lacus) were dug, divided from one another by earthen walls. The seawater was admitted through canals, which were opened for the purpose, and closed again by sluices. (Vid. CATARACTA.) The water was more and more strongly impregnated with salt as it flowed from one pond to another. 19 When reduced to brine (coacto humore), it was called by the Greeks üλun, by the Latins salsugo or salsilago, and by the Spaniards muria.20 In this state it was used by the Egyptians to pickle fish," and by the Romans to preserve olives, cheese, and flesh likewise.22 From muria, which seems to be a corruption of dλuvpós, "briny," the victuals cured in it were called salsa muriatica. 23 As the brine which was left in the ponds crystallized, a man intrusted with the care of them, and therefore called salinator (úλonyós), raked out the salt, so that it lay

We find dancing prevalent among the Greeks from the earliest times. It is frequently mentioned in the Homeric poems: the suiters of Penelope delight themselves with music and dancing;1 and Ulysses is entertained at the court of Alcinous with the exhibitions of very skilful dancers, the rapid movements of whose feet excite his admiration."" Skilful dancers were at all times highly prized by the Greeks: we read of some who were presented with golden crowns, and had statues erected to their honour, and their memory celebrated by inscriptions."

1. (Macrob., Sat., i., 12.)-2. (Festus, s. v. Axamenta.)-3. Monum. Ancyr.) · -4. (Tacit., Ann., ii., 83.) 5. (Capitol., M. Act Phil, 21.)-6. (Suet., Claud., 33.- Cic. ad Att., v., 9. Hor., Carm., i., 37.)-7. (Capitol., ib., 4.)—8. (Liv., i., 27.-Dionys., ii., 70; iii., 32.-Varro, Ling. Lat., vi., 14.)-9. (Röm. Gesch., iii., p. 410.)-10. (Compare Hartung, Die Religion der Römer, ii., p. 163, &c.)-11. (Varro, Ling. Lat., viii., 25, ed.-9. (Plin., H. N., xxxiii., 12, s. 54.-Val. Max., iv., 4, 3.-Ca Spengel)-12. (Herod., iv., 181-185.)-13. (Arrian, Exp. Alex., ii., 4, p. 161, 162, ed. Blanc.)-14. (Herod., vii., 30.)-15. (Cic., Nat. Deor., ii., 53.-Plin., H. N., xxxi., 7, s. 39-42.)-16. (Herod., iv., 53.-Plin., 1. c.)-17. (Col., De Re Rust., ii., 2.)-18. (Strabo, iv., 1,6; vii., 4, 7.- Cæs., Bell. Civ., ii., 37.)-19. (utilii, Itin., i., 475-490.)-20. (P'in., l. c.)-21. (Herod., ii., 77.)--22. (Cato, De Re Rust., 7, 88 105.-Hor., Sat., ii., 8, 53.) -23 (Plaut., Pœn., I., ii., 32. 39)

1. (Manilius, v., prope fin. -Nicander, Alex., 518, 519.)-9 (Steph. Byz.)-3. (Ptol.)-4. (Cic., Pro Lege Man., 6.)-5. (Ba lenger, De Trib. et Vect., xxi.)-6. (IIor., Sat., i., 3, 14.-Schol ad loc.)-7. (Hor., Carm., ii., 16, 13, 14.)-8. (Pers., iii., 24, 25.) tull., xxiii., 19.)-10. (Arnob. adv. Gent., ii., p. 91, ed. Maire, L. Bat., 1651.)-11. (Plaut., Trin., ii., 4, 90, 91.)—12. (Aristot, H. A., iv., 8.-Elian, N. A., ix., 7.)-13. (Elian, N. A., vi. 19.-Hesych.-Phot. Lex.-Aristoph., Av., 569.-Adams, Append., s. v.)-14. (Ovid, Art. Am., 1., 595; ii, 305.)-15. (Apul Met., x., p. 251, ed. Bip.)-16. (Od., i., 152, 421; xviii., 304 )—– 17. (Od., viii., 265.) 18. (Plut., De Pyth. Orac., &. — Anthol Plan., iv., n. 283, &c)

SALTATIO

The lively imagination and mimetic powers of the Greeks found abundant subjects for various kinds of dances, and, accordingly, the names of no less than 200 different dances have come down to us.' It would be inconsistent with the nature of this work to give a description of all that are known: only the most important can be mentioned, and such as will give some idea of the dancing of the ancients.

SALTATIO

5

which the púλis was probably only another name this Plato' takes as the representative of all war dances. The invention of this dance is placed in the mythical age, and is usually assigned to one Pyrrhicos; but most of the accounts agree in assign ing it a Cretan or Spartan origin, though others refer it to Pyrrhus or Neoptolemus, the son of Ar hilles, apparently misled by the name, for it was undoubtedly of Doric origin. It was danced to the Dancing was originally closely connected with sound of the flute, and its time was very quick and religion: Plato' thought that all dancing should be light, as is shown by the name of the Pyrrhic foot based on religion, as it was, he says, among the(), which must be connected with this dance: and Egyptians. It has been shown under CHORUS, that from the same source came also the Proceleusmatic the chorus in the oldest times consisted of the whole (~~~~), or challenging foot. The Pyrrhic dance was population of a city, who met in a public place to performed in different ways at various times and in offer up thanksgivings to the god of their country various countries, for it was by no means confined by singing hymns and performing dances. These to the Doric states. Plato describes it as repredances, which, like all others, were accompanied by senting, by rapid movements of the body, the way in music, were therefore of a strictly religious nature; in which missiles and blows from weapons were and in all the public festivals, which were so nu- avoided, and also the mode in which the enemy merous among the Greeks, dancing formed a very were attacked. In the non-Doric states it was prominent part. We find, from the earliest times, probably not practised as a training for war, but that the worship of Apollo was connected with a only as a mimetic dance: thus we read of its being religious dance called HYPORCHEMA. All the reli- danced by women to entertain a company. It was gious dances, with the exception of the Bacchic and also performed at Athens at the greater and lesser the Corybantian, were very simple, and consisted Panathenæa by Ephebi, who were called Pyrrhichof gentle movements of the body, with various turn-ists (Пuppixiorai), and were trained at the expense ings and windings around the altar: such a dance was the yέpavos, which Theseus is said to have performed at Delos on his return from Crete.' The Dionysiac or Bacchic and the Corybantian were of a very different nature. In the former, the life and adventures of the god were represented by mimetic dancing (vid. DIONYSIA): the dance called Baxxin by Lucian was a satyric dance, and chiefly prevailed in Ionia and Pontus; the most illustrious men in the state danced in it, representing Titans, Corybantians, satyrs, and husbandmen, and the spectators were so delighted with the exhibition that they remained sitting the whole day to witness it, forgetful of everything else. The Corybantian was of a very wild character: it was chiefly danced in Phrygia and in Crete: the dancers were armed, struck their swords against their shields, and displayed the most extravagant fury; it was accompanied chiefly by the flute. The following woodeut, from the Museo Pio-Clementino, is supposed to represent a Corybantian dance. Respecting the dances in the theatre, vid. CHORUS.

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of the choragus. In the mountainous parts of Thessaly and Macedon, dances are performed at the present day by men armed with muskets and swords."

The following woodcut, taken from Sir W. Hamilton's vases, represents three Pyrrhichists, two of whom, with sword and shield, are engaged in the dance, while the third is standing with a sword. Above them is a female balancing herself on the head of one, and apparently in the act of performing a somerset; she, no doubt, is taking part in the dance, and performing a very artistic kind of kubicTous or tumbling, for the Greek performances of this kind surpass anything we can imagine in modern times. Her danger is increased by the person below, who holds a sword pointing towards her. A female spectator, sitting, looks on astonished at the exhibition.

Dancing was applied to gymnastic purposes and O training for war, especially in the Doric states, and was believed to have contributed very much to the success of the Dorians in war, as it enabled them to perform their evolutions simultaneously and in order. Hence the poet Socrates' says,

οἱ δὲ χοροῖς κάλλιστα θεοὺς τιμῶσιν, ἄριστοι ἐν πολέμῳ.

There were various dances in early times which served as a preparation for war; hence Homer calls the hoplitaе πpulées, a war-dance having been called púλis by the Cretans. Of such dances, the mos: celebrated was the Pyrrhic (h Пuppixn), of

1. Meursius, Orchest.-Athen., xiv., p. 627-630.- Pollux, Onom., iv., 95-111.-Liban., brèp ruv opx.)-2. (Leg., vii., 798, 799.)-3. (Plut., Thes., 21.)-4. (De Salt., 79.)-5. (Lucian, ib., 8.-Strabo, x., p. 473.-Plat., Crit,, p. 54.)-6. (vol. iv., pl. 9.)7. (Athen., xiv., p. 629, f.)-8. (II., xi., 49; xii., 77.)-9. (Mül lor, Dor., ., 12, 10.)

The Pyrrhic dance was introduced in the public games at Rome by Julius Cæsar, when it was danced by the children of the leading men in Asir and Bithynia. It seems to have been much liked by the Romans; it was exhibited both by Caligula and Nero,10 and also frequently by Hadrian.11 Athenæus1 says that the Pyrrhic dance was still practised in his time (the third century A.D.) at Sparta,

1. (Leg., vii., p. 815.)-2. (Athen., xiv., p. 630, c.- -Strabo, x., p. 466.-Plat., Leg., p. 796.-Lucian, ib., 9.)-3. (Müller, Hist. Greek Lit., i., p. 161.)-4. (Leg., vii., p. 815.)-5. (Xen., Anab., vi., 1, ◊ 12.)-6. (Schol. ad Aristoph., Nub., 988.-Lysias, Toλ. dwpodoк., p. 698, ed. Reiske.)-7. (Dodwell, Tour through Greece, ii., p. 21, 22.)-8. (ed. Tischbein, vol. i., pl. 60.)-9 (Suet., Jul., 39.)-10. (Dion Cass., Ix., 7.-Suet., Nero, 12.) 11. (Spurt., Hadr., 19.)-12. (xiv., p. 631, a.)