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adopted heraldic devices in due form, the following story preserved by Dr. Powell, on the authority of Gyttyn Owain and others, may be readily believed :

"In the time of Prince Llewelyn grew a variance between King John of England and the said prince: whereupon Ednyfed came with the prince's host and men of war, and also a number of his own people, and met these English lords in a morning, at what time these English lords were hostied and slain; and immediately brought their heads, being yet bloody, to the said Prince Llewelyn. The prince seeing the same, caused Ednyfed Fychan from thenceforth to bear in his arms or shield three bloody heads, in token of his victory, where he had born in his arms before a Saracen's head: and so ever after this Ednyfed bore the said arms, his son and his son's son, unto the time of Tudor ap Gronw ap Tudor ap Gronw ap Ednyfed Fychan. And after this Ednyfed wedded Gwenlian, daughter of Rhys, prince of South Wales, and had issue by her Gronw."

This coat of the three bleeding Saxon heads is to the present day borne by all families descended from Tangwystl; and it is to be observed that in the passage quoted above, the second family only is named, and there seems to be some especial significance in the expression, unto the time of Tudor, etc.

Ednyfed Fychan had great riches, and endowed the issue of his second marriage with the manors of Trecastell, Penmynydd, and Erddreiniog in Anglesey, and many fine houses "royally adorned with turrets and garrets," of which no traces now remain. Gronw was his son by Gwenllian, who inherited all this, and Tudor, afterwards known as Tudor Hên, his grandson. According to Mr. Pennant, the latter founded the House of the White Friars-Carmelites in Bangor, about 1276, enriched it in 1299, and was buried there in 1311. The foundation still exists in the Friars' Grammar School there, but the traces left by the Carmelites are exceedingly meagre. During the lifetime of this Tudor occurred the final conquest of Wales by Edward I, which was consummated by the slaughter of Llewelyn in 1283. Anian, the then Bishop of Bangor, was in high favour with the English king, and it became not only pious, but fashionable, to endow the clergy of Bangor. Among the Welshmen who did homage to Edward of Carnarvon at Chester in 1301, when the principality was formally handed over to him, was one Tudor ap Gronw, probably this man, although Mr. Llwyd considers that it was his grandson. The Tudors do not appear to have taken part in any of the numerous risings, which took place in the course of establishing the English rule in Wales.

Grono ap Tudor ap Grono, the third in descent from Ednyfed Fychan is known only by his benefactions to the White Friars. Mr. Pennant thought that he had found his tombstone in the old building of Friar's School, which in his time stood on the lower ground near "the Bishop's river," for he mentions a stone bearing the words "ap Tudor;" and another, which he found over the chimney-piece, bearing a long sword. When the old school-building was pulled down, several ancient tombstones were preserved, and built into the walls of the existing stable-yard. One has a curious figure of a monk; another seems to commemorate "Brother John of Llanfaes;" another-that with the long sword-has on it also a pastoral cross and the name of Griffith ap Iorwerth, who was Bishop of Bangor about 1309; but the only approach to the name of Tudor which can now be found is in the fragment, "ET.MAD" -"T. AP. TVD.", which occurs in very rich and ancient letters on a broken slab built into the stable wall. Mr. Pennant believes that this Grono was buried at the White Friars in 1331. His wife Gwerfil came from the line of Bleddyn ap Cynfyn, of Powys, founder of the third royal tribe or family of North Wales. Of their two sons, Tudor and Howel, some curious information is to be had.

When Wales was finally conquered, King Edward I ordered an extent or valuation to be made of Anglesey, showing what he might expect to derive from the island in point of revenue. The Commissioners who were appointed for this purpose met at Llanfaes, and made a return by which the king's officers of exchequer for years afterwards checked the accounts rendered by his governors and other ministers in Wales. This extent did not include those places of local and self-contained importance, from which the crown, having seized only the rights of the Welsh prince, and not those of his subjects, could demand nothing. It did not include Penmynydd, Erddreiniog, or Trecastell, the manors left to his second family by Ednyfed Fychan. By-andbye,-seventy years afterwards, Edward III bestowed Wales upon his gallant son, the Black Prince, and then a more complete extent was made to show the value of the gift. It bears date in 1352, and has since been printed in the Record of Carnarvon. Many proclamations had been made, and many arrangements effected, all of which tended towards the pacification of Wales, and the reservation to her native children of so many of their natural rights as the English king dared to leave them. He was particular in recognising these in all who swore fealty to him, and the very crown rents took the name of tunc rents, from the fact of the English Crown exacting just what used to be paid tunc-then, when the native princes reigned. Military tenure, of course, obtained in Wales as elsewhere, and, subject to such tenures, the crown claimed all the land. Most occupiers owed, in addition to this service, others of a more menial nature: repairs of the king's house, food for his troops, beef for his household, work in his fields, and many more remarkable feudal exactions. The manors, however, of Trecastell, Penmynydd, and Erddreiniog were held free from all such claims as these the first by Howell ap Grono and his brother Tudor; the second half by them, and half by the Abbot of Conway, to whom King Edward and Bishop Anian of Bangor had granted the tithes when the Abbey of Conway was removed to Maenan. The third manor was held by Howell ap Grono, his brother Tudor, and Res ap David. Their tenure is thus described in the extent: "Trefcastell. This township is a free one. The tenants are Hoell ap Grono and his brother Tudor, and they pay no rent or duty to the Prince, except suit at his court. And one man of the stock of that township, that is, of the stock of the grandchildren of Ednyfed, shall go to the king's wars for all the blood of the said Ednyfed, at his own cost within the marches of Wales; but beyond them, at the cost of the king. And they and their bondmen make suit at both of the great sheriff's tours in the year." Penmynydd was held on similar terms. These two brothers, then, with Rhys ap David, represented the Tudor family in 1352. Doubtless, the first Tudor ap Grono, grandson of Ednyfed Fychan, was then living also, because we find him constantly termed Tudor Hên the Elder, to distinguish him from his grandson, also Tudor ap Grono. This grandson, too, was termed Vychan, or the younger, and is commonly referred to in the documents and literature of the period in which he lived as Tudor Vaughan ap Grono, sometimes with the knightly prefix "Sir." Before following his fortunes, we will notice a proceeding taken after his death, in 1373, by which the manorial and other rights, then solely claimed by Hoell of Penmynydd, were called in question. John de Delves, representing the crown, impleaded Hoell in the King's Court, to know by what right he held a court of his own every three weeks, over which his seneschal presided; by what right he took assise of beer, and levied amobr, while owing none to the crown, nor even paying reliefs or heriots. Hoell's case in reply was, that he and his predecessors had owned these privileges from time immemorial. To the rejoinder, that he ought to have claimed them at the last preceding circuit of the justice of North Wales; that, Wales being a conquered country, all such privileges had been annulled; that the manors were not old manors, but newly erected by Hoell himself; that he did not even possess a tumbrel, by which judgment could be given in a case of breach of assize of beer; and that Hoell had badly and unjustly used the liberties and rights which he usurped: the freeholder put in, by way of rebuttal, a denial of most of these allegations-an assertion that he used his family privileges well and wisely ; and a strong declaration that these rights had been those of his ancestors, and of all in whose position he stood. Further, Hoell insisted that even if the conquest of Wales had deprived him of that which was his, yet King Edward's numerous proclamations, and Hoell's acceptance of his terms and swearing allegiance to him, had caused every right and property to be restored to him. He insisted, even on these terms, in regarding his family privileges as of the highest antiquity, thus proving how much he thought of the importance of his family. The actual language of his pleading on this point is worth quoting: "Quamvis ea teneat ex perquisito suo, tamen ipse et illi quorum statum habet et omnes ea tenentes a tempore quo non extat memoria de hujus modi libertatis seisiti fuerunt."

The question of regulating the sale of beer seems to have given more trouble to the judge than the others; it was adjourned; but on the other and more material points the judgment was, " Eat inde sine die."

It does not appear that Hoell left any heirs, nor is any further account of him available. The name is not an uncommon one, but yet it may be worth while to mention that about this time, 1370-80, one Hoell ap Grono was Dean of Bangor, and died at Rome, whither he had gone on ecclesiastical business. The connection between the Tudor family, our Hoell's ancestors, and Bangor, has already been mentioned.

The other brother is a more notorious personage. Grono Vychan ap Tudor seems to have had a taste for roving, a desire to see the world, and to have gratified it among the chivalry of his time, both in England and elsewhere. Of him Dr. Powell has thus written:

"In the time of Edward the Third lived Sir Tudor Vaughan ap Grono, descended lineally from Ednyfed Vaughan, a person as to estate, power, and interest, one of the chiefest in North Wales. Upon some motive, either of ambition or fancy, he assumed to himself the honour of knighthood; requiring all

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